Les mesures prises dans l'empire de Russie envers les Français soupçonnés de sympathies révolutionnaires (1792-1799)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Julie Ollfvier, The Measures adopted in the Russian Empire towards the French suspected of having revolutionary sympathies. From the beginning of the French Revolution, Catherine II supported the cause of émigré princes, but it was only in the summer of 1792 that she decided to sever all relations with the Revolutionary government. The French community living in Russia composed of nearly 2500 persons found itself under surveillance and held suspect by the Russian power. Some Frenchmen were arrested for having expressed their revolutionary opinions too openly. On 8 Februrary 1793, an oukasse compelled all the French to take an oath of loyalty to the Monarchy and to religion. But the persecutions did not cease, and numerous persons in the years that followed were expelled from the Empire or deported to Siberia for different crimes. Whether they voiced opinions considered too audacious in favor the Revolution or against Russia, or they violated prohibitions to go to France or communicate with their relatives who remained in the country, or they tried to conceal their identity with false papers, they did not escape Russian justice. Above all, three cases of espionage, only one of them well-founded, showed the severity of the Tsarina. After her death in 1796, this repression continued under her son Paul 1, whose police was exceptionally efficient. While he offered an asylum to Louis XVIII in Mitau, or claimed to serve the Army of Condé, and threw his Empire into a war against France during the Second Coalition, the situation of French residents in Russia remained exceedingly difficult, and every slip up could have grave consequences. It was only at the dawn of a new century, when Paul 1 grew closer to Bonaparte that suspicion about the French declined. But from 1792 to 1799, there were many victims of these measures, whether or not they were true sympathizers with the Revolution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".