Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 1589, Richard Topcliffe, the man the Elizabethan state employed to do its dirtiest work, reported that 'the Jhezewts & Semenaries' — Jesuits and other Catholic priests — who were on the verge of taking over the country were aided not only by 'discrett & trusty patroans' but by 'crafty Catholic childrene abroade in every quarter and coaste', lending them better assistance 'than ever frend to England had Imbassador'.1 In the year after the Spanish Armada, Catholicism was not only a proscribed religion in Protestant England, it was perceived as a political threat to the existence of the nation. Catholics practised their religion clandestinely, sometimes at risk of their lives; around them, Protestant propaganda about Catholicism in general and the alleged nefarious activities of English Catholics in particular ensured that they were the most controversial minority in early modern England.KeywordsEarly Modern PeriodCatholic PriestDirty WorkPolitical ThreatCatholic CommunityThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.018 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".