Acoustic monitoring of severe weather in the northeast Pacific Ocean
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wind and rainfall are the principal physical processes responsible for the production of high frequency (1–50 kHz) ambient sound in the ocean. The primary source of the sound is the resonant ringing of individual bubbles created during wave breaking and raindrop splashes. Larger bubbles (?‘ 300 μ diam) quickly return to the surface, while smaller bubbles can be mixed downward many meters. During severe weather, a layer of smaller ambient bubbles forms and effectively absorbs higher frequency (>10 kHz) sound. These processes are revealed in a two-year record of ambient sound recorded from a sub-surface mooring at 50N, 145W in the northeast Pacific Ocean as part of the Canadian SOLAS program. The passive acoustic signal of wind, rain, and ambient bubble clouds are compared to the sub-surface mooring data including data from an upward looking 200 kHz active sonar and a 300 kHz ADCP. The acoustic signatures of light, moderate and heavy rainfall are superimposed on the signature of high wind, demonstrating rainfall detection even in the presence of high wind. [Work supported by ONR, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, and the Canadian CFCAS & NSERC.]
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".