The reduction of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil under saline conditions using ultrasound.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Salts (i.e. NaCl) and hydrocarbons are common soil pollutants found at contaminated sites generated by the oil and gas industry, and such pollutants pose serious risks to the environment and human health. In this study, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted to identify the properties influencing interactions of crude oil, dissolved salt, and soil particles and to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasonic technology as a useful remediation technique for treating mixed soil contaminants. A sample of soil (sand, clay and muskeg) equivalent to 30 ml volume was spike with 1 to 2% of crude oil (volume: volume). Two salinity categories (no salt and 0.14 M salt added) were selected and the soil slurry was irradiated for up to 40 minutes using a 20 kHz ultrasonic probe operating at an intensity of 400 W/m². The change in crude oil concentration was measured in treated samples by gas chromatograph. The results indicated that the application of ultrasound generally increased the removal of hydrocarbons by a maximum of approximately 50% observed in sand. In contrast, the presence of salt significantly reduced the removal of hydrocarbons.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".