The Effects of Single Prolonged Stress, an Animal Model of PTDS, on Novelty-Seeking Behaviours and Alterations in the Dopaminergic System in Male and Female Rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A common underlying behavioural tendency of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves novelty-seeking behaviours, which have been related to impairments in the dopaminergic system.A validated rodent model of PTSD known as single prolonged stress (SPS) has been extensively used in PTSD literature, however, only one study has inquired into the effects of this stressor on dopamine-mediated behaviours.We therefore investigated dopamine-related novelty-seeking behaviours and extracellular dopamine (DA) release in response to SPS.Rats were exposed to SPS on Day 0 and then received either saline or 0.5 mg/kg, i.p. d-amphetamine (AMP) injection on Day 7 before being placed in a modified novel object exploration test (Experiment 1) or being subjected to in vivo microdialysis to detect extracellular DA release in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) for 140 minutes (Experiment 2).Male and female animals were examined to further explore any sex differences within this stress model.SPS exposure in males significantly increased locomotor activity, time spent in center, time spent sniffing and touching the object, and number of approaches to the object.Female rats exhibited the same patterns of exploratory behaviours, however they appeared to display higher levels of each measure compared to males.SPS exposure in males significantly increased DA levels in saline-administered rats.The same trends were not found in female rats.AMP elevated DA release in both males and females, but did not augment SPS-induced DA release.These data suggest that exposure to SPS results in an increase in DA-mediated behaviours in male and female rats, and elevates basal DA release in the NAcc only in males.Thus, SPS may be a useful tool in further understanding neurobiological systems within PTSD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".