National and Provincial Profiles of Chemical Releases by Canadian Industrial Sectors, 2002-2010
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) is a public-domain record of chemicals released into air, water and land by Canadian facilities from various industrial sectors. The aim of this study was to use historical NPRI data (2002-10) to build national and provincial profiles showing amount, identity and health-hazard classification of chemicals released by facilities in different sectors. Nationally, it was found that 97% of total chemical releases were released into air, and that the top 3 chemical-emitting sectors – Manufacturing (MAN), Mining (MIN) and Utilities (U) – accounted for 98% of these air emissions. Statistical analysis was used to compare provincial chemical releases in the above 3 sectors. Testing showed that significant variation exists in the activity level of the national top 3 sectors within each province. This is reflected in the finding that provincial top 3 sectors do not necessarily match the national profile. Next, health-hazard classifications were determined for the 10 highest-emitted chemicals in the provincial and national top 3 sectors. In the national profile, MAN was classified as carcinogenic, neurotoxic, respiratory-toxic; MIN as reproductive-toxic, respiratory-toxic; U as respiratory-toxic. Sector-hazard relationships in the provinces differed from the national trends and from each other. Ultimately, associating sectors with particular hazards may help link the nature of regional health outcomes to the hazard type of local industrial facilities. A next step would be to account for differing toxicity levels among chemicals of the same hazard type by normalizing the data with risk scores that take into account a chemical’s specific toxicity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".