Life cycle and seasonal dynamics of <i>Cucullanus cirratus</i> O.F. Müller, 1777 (Nematoda, Ascaridida, Seuratoidea, Cucullanidae) in Atlantic cod, <i>Gadus morhua</i> L.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mature specimens of Cucullanus cirratus O.F. Müller, 1777 (Cucullanidae) were obtained from the pyloric caeca and intestine of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., from Danish waters. Eggs embryonate in seawater. Third-stage larvae about 400 µm long, with amphids and dereids, hatch from the egg. Experimental studies indicated that third-stage larvae were infective to calanoid and cyclopoid copepods and sand gobies, Pomatoschistus minutus (Pisces, Gobiidae). Larvae entered the haemocoel of copepods but did not grow. In gobies, the third-stage larvae entered the intestinal mucosa and grew to 800 µm in length within 6 months. They were not encapsulated. Experimental infections of cod (8-30 cm long) showed that free-living third-stage larvae are not infective, whereas >700 µm long third-stage larvae from gobies survived in the cod. Third-stage larvae 700-1200 µm long occur in the stomach mucosa, where they develop and moult to fourth-stage larvae. The fourth-stage larvae then migrate to the pyloric caeca and anterior part of the intestine, where they moult and develop to the mature adult stage. No developmental stage became encapsulated. Naturally infected cod (>20 cm total length) harboured moulting third-stage larvae and <2 mm long fourth-stage larvae 2 months post capture. Naturally infected 4- to 5-month-old codlings (8-10 cm total length) harboured 2-3 mm long fourth-stage larvae only, indicating that they acquired the third-stage larvae as planktivorous fry only a few centimetres long. Cucullanus cirratus may have a life-cycle that involves copepod transport hosts and fish (gobies or cod fry) intermediate hosts. Postcyclic development occurs in gadoids when an infected cod is consumed by another cod (cannibalism). Examinations of 350 (8-78 cm total length) naturally infected cod showed that group 1 and older cod are infected throughout the year, with maximum prevalence of third-stage larvae in spring and summer. The greatest prevalence of gravid worms was observed in autumn.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".