Epidemiological characteristics of outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease in kindergartens in Belgrade during the period from 2015 to 2019
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction/Aim: For the first time in the world Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease was reported in 1957 in Canada, while the first outbreak of this disease was registered in Belgrade in 2014.The aim of this paper is to analyze epidemiological characteristics of outbreaks of HFMD, which occurred in kindergartens in Belgrade in the period from 2015 to 2019. Methods: A descriptive epidemiological study was applied. Data were collected from epidemiological questionnaires, Reports of Center for Disease Control and Prevention, City Institute of Public Health Belgrade, from the case history of sick children, and using the results of the virological and serological analyses that had been done in the Reference Laboratory of the Institute of Virology, Vaccines, and Sera "Torlak". Results: In the period from 2015 to 2019, 20 HFMD outbreaks were registered, in which a total of 220 children became ill. The total number of infected children in outbreaks ranged from 9 to 102. Boys were slightly more often ill (52%), as well as persons aged two years (51%). All patients had a maculopapular rash, and most had a fever (96%) and malaise (68%). Enterovirus was detected by Real-Time PCR in two infected children. The disease passed without any complications. Conclusion: By timely application of anti-epidemic measures, by reporting the disease, isolation and treatment of patients, respecting the measures of general and personal hygiene, as well as measures of current disinfection in the collective, it is possible to successfully stop further spread of the infection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".