Determining the mechanical properties of apoptotic cells using time resolved acoustic microscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Time resolved acoustic microscopy uses ultra-high frequencies (over 100 MHz) to image cells with a resolution up to 1⃗m. Acoustic microscopy has been used since the 1970's for biological observations, however only recently have technological advances allowed the quantification of the physical properties of cells, such as the thickness, sound velocity, acoustic impedance, density, bulk modulus and attenuation using acoustic microsopy. For the first time, the physical properties of MCF-7 cells treated with a chemotherapeutic agent to induce apoptosis were measured using a 375 MHz transducer. It was found the thickness and attenuation increased after apoptosis, while the speed of sound, acoustic impedance, density and bulk modulus were similar within measured error. Acoustic backscatter measurements showed rapid morphological variations in cells undergoing apoptosis, which correlates to optical observations. This indicates extensive activity is occuring within the cell on a time scale of seconds during apoptosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".