Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since non-tariff measures having a negative impact on trade have been continually increased, a lot of environmental measures being developed around the world have been questioned about their legitimacy under the WTO rules, and, indeed, they have been examined at the WTO Dispute Settlement Bodies about whether they cause unnecessary obstacles to free trade. Clean energy policies, in particular, in light of the growing global demand for green energy, and the burgeoning questions of how these relate to current and future trade rules, have been examined including in the recent WTO final decision in the Canada renewable energy case, which has generated international attention for government support of the energy sector. Following this dispute, WTO Director-General Pascal Lamy even called for increased dialogue at the global trade body on the relationship between the two subjects. The tobacco plain packaging issue also has been brought to the attention of the world since 2012. Indonesia became the fifth country to file a WTO case against Australia’s tobacco plain packaging last year. Although these complaints are at varying stages, the decision of the WTO will have significant implications for reconciling the conflicts between the sovereign right to protect public health and the duty to protect intellectual property rights. Lastly, the WTO set up a panel on Russia’s vehicle recycling fee, which was introduced in 2012, a week after Russia lowered import tariffs on vehicles as part of its obligations to join the WTO. The issue of how to implement the green tax is expected to be highly relevant in this case.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.009 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.037 | 0.051 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".