Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction The Process of Evapotranspiration Evapotranspiration ( E ) is the combined processes of physical evaporation and biological transpiration, by which liquid water from open water, soil, and vegetation surfaces is transformed into vapor and transported into the atmosphere. For terrestrial ecosystems, these three components are referred to as evaporation from bare soil ( E s ), transpiration or water use by growing vegetation ( E t ), and evaporation from wet foliage of intercepted water ( E i ). Sublimation, the transformation of solid water (i.e., ice or snow) to water vapor, though generally considered separate from evapotranspiration, is considered here as part of E s or E i as the case may be. Energy is required to change the state of the molecules of water from liquid to vapor. This energy is known as the latent heat of vaporization of water ( λ ), and is provided by solar irradiance ( R s ) and, to a lesser extent, the ambient temperature of the air ( T a ). Also, as the liquid water intermolecular attractions decrease with the increase in temperature, λ decreases slightly with increasing temperature. The driving force to remove water vapor from the evaporating surface is the difference between the water vapor pressure at the evaporating surface and that of the surrounding atmosphere. As evaporation proceeds, the surrounding air becomes gradually saturated and the process will slow down and might stop if the wet air is not transferred to the atmosphere. As the replacement of the saturated air with drier air depends greatly on wind speed, air humidity and wind speed are also important controls of E . In the case of transpiration, liquid water, together with some nutrients, is taken up by the roots and transported through the plant to the leaves. While conversion of liquid water contained in plant tissues to water vapor occurs in the stomatal cavities of the leaf, vapor exchange with the atmosphere occurs through stomata. Thus, energy is required for evapotranspiration (evaporation from wet leaves and transpiration) to proceed from vegetation. In fact, the concept of evapotranspiration can be simplified as “water + energy = evapotranspiration.”
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.038 | 0.029 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".