Bibliographic record
Abstract
Updates from the Annual Session15 August 2000Update in Infectious DiseasesJohn G. Bartlett, MDJohn G. Bartlett, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-133-4-200008150-00013 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Antibiotic resistance, particularly affecting gram-positive cocci such as penicillin-resistant Pneumococcus species and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus species, is among the hottest topics in the field of infectious disease. This Update describes current treatment recommendations, focusing on pharyngitis, sinusitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Among emerging infections, one of the most threatening is that caused by West Nile virus. New aspects of established infectious agents are also addressed, such as the use of neuraminidase inhibitors to treat influenza and long-term outcomes of hepatitis C virus infection and Lyme disease. The subject of HIV and AIDS continues to command attention. Studies in this area have looked ...References1. Altman L. Baffling hepatitis virus is isolated, scientists say. New York Times. 20 July 1999:D1. Google Scholar2. New England Medical Center Evidence-Based Practice Center. Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis. Available at www.ahcpr.gov/clinic/sinussum.htm. Last accessed 1 July 2000. Google Scholar3. Doern GV, Brueggemann A, Holley HP, Rauch AM. Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from outpatients in the United States during the winter months from 1994 to 1995: results of a 30-center national surveillance study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996;40:1208-13. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Zahnel GG, Karlowsky JA, Palatnick L, Vercaigne L, Low DE, Hoban DJ. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in respiratory tract isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae: results of a Canadian national surveillance study. The Canadian Respiratory Infection Study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999;43:2504-9. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. Edmond MB, Wallace SE, McClish DK, Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Wenzel RP. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in United States hospitals: a three-year analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:239-44. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6. Smith TL, Pearson ML, Wilcox KR, Cruz C, Lancaster MV, Robinson-Dunn B, et al . Emergence of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Glycopeptide-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Working Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:493-501. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7. . Update: Staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin—United States, 1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997;46:813-5. MedlineGoogle Scholar8. Gerberding J. Twelve steps to cut antibiotic overprescribing in inpatient settings. Internal Medicine News. 15 May 2000:44. Google Scholar9. Gwaltney JM, Phillips CD, Miller RD, Riker DK. Computed tomographic study of the common cold. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:25-30. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar10. Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, Hanusa BH, Weissfeld LA, Singer DE, et al . A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:243-50. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar11. Briese T, Jia XY, Huang C, Grady LJ, Lipkin WI. Identification of a Kunjin/West Nile-like flavovirus in brains of patients with New York encephalitis [Letter]. Lancet. 1999;354:1261-2. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar12. . Update: influenza activity—United States, 1999-2000 season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2000;49:53-7. MedlineGoogle Scholar13. Liang TJ, Rehermann B, Seeff LB, Hoofnagle JH. Pathogenesis, natural history, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis C. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:296-305. LinkGoogle Scholar14. Carpenter CC, Cooper DA, Fischl MA, Gatell JM, Gazzard BG, Hammer SM, et al . Antiretroviral therapy in adults: updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society–USA Panel. JAMA. 2000;283:381-90. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar15. Zhang H, Dornadula G, Beumont M, Livornese L, Van Uitert B, Henning K, et al . Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the semen of men receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1803-9. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar16. Lisziewicz J, Rosenberg E, Lieberman J, Jessen H, Lopalco L, Siliciano R, et al . Control of HIV despite the discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy [Letter]. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1683-4. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar17. Hecht FM, Grant RM, Petropoulos CJ, Dillon B, Chesney MA, Tian H, et al . Sexual transmission of an HIV-1 variant resistant to multiple reverse-transcriptase and protease inhibitors. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:307-11. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Corresponding Author: John G. Bartlett, MD, Division of Infectious Diseases, 1830 Monument Street, Room 437, Baltimore, MD 21205. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoUpdate in Infectious Diseases Robert J. Lodato Update in Infectious Diseases John G. Bartlett Metrics Cited ByThe rise and fall of antimicrobial resistanceUpdate in Infectious DiseasesRobert J. Lodato, MDBacterial isolates from blood and their susceptibility patterns in critically ill foals: 543 cases (1991-1998)Increasing threat of Gram-positive bacterial infections in the intensive care unit settingUpdate in Pulmonary DiseaseAntonio Anzueto, MD and Luis Angel, MD 15 August 2000Volume 133, Issue 4Page: 285-292KeywordsAntibioticsDrugsHIVInfectious diseasesLyme diseasePenicillinPneumoniaStreptococcusVancomycinViral load ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 August 2000 CopyrightCopyright © 2000 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.126 | 0.091 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".