Does Nutritional Status Mediate the Consequences of Elevated Cortisol on Wild Fish? Field Manipulations Using Wild Smallmouth Bass
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Parental care is an essential life-history component of reproduction for many animal species, which entails a suite of behavioural and physiological investments to enhance offspring survival.These investments can incur costs to the parent, reducing their energetic and physiological condition, future reproductive capabilities, and survival.In fishes, relatively few studies have focused on how these physiological costs are mediated.Male smallmouth bass provide parental care for developing offspring until the brood reaches independence.During this energetically demanding life stage, males cease active foraging as they vigorously defend their offspring.Experimental manipulation of cortisol levels (via injection) and food (via supplemental feeding) in parental males was used to investigate the fitness consequences of parental care.Improving the nutritional condition of nest guarding males increased their reproductive success by reducing premature nest abandonment.However, supplemental feeding and cortisol treatment had no effect on parental care behaviours.Cortisol treatment reduced plasma lymphocyte numbers, but increased neutrophil and monocyte concentrations, indicating a shift in immune function.Supplemental feeding improved the physiological condition of parental fish by reducing the accumulation of oxidative injury.Specifically, supplemental feeding reduced the formation of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) on DNA nucleotides.Increasing the nutritional condition of parental fish can reduce the physiological cost associated with intensive parental activity and improve overall reproductive success, illustrating the importance of nutritional condition as a key modulator of parental fitness.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".