Hypervalent CompoundsBased in part on the article Indium: Inorganic Chemistry by Dennis G. Tuck which appeared in the <i>Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition</i> .
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The chemistry of compounds formally exhibiting more than eight valence electrons is introduced and surveyed. The review covers the definition and representation of hypervalent bonding and its orbital description, including recent developments in electron localization function calculations. The synthesis and reactivity of hypervalent compounds is examined including their use in organic synthesis, along with the factors contributing to their stability. Techniques for determining the structures of hypervalent species are described, including gas‐phase electron diffraction and vibrational and NMR spectroscopic methods. Novel hypervalent intermediates and transition states are also surveyed, including recently appreciated inter‐ligand hypervalent interactions. Particular emphasis is placed on the important topic of pentacoordination. The review includes chemistry of the halogens, chalcogens, pnictides, noble gases, tin, silicon, and a variety of transition metals.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.042 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".