Victimological Developments in the World during the Past Three Decades (I): A Study of Comparative Victimology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the past three decades, 10 international symposia on victimology have taken place at the following locations: Jerusalem (1973); Boston (1976); Muenster, Germany (1979); Tokyo and Kyoto (1982); Zagreb, Croatia (1985); Jerusalem (1988); Rio de Janeiro (1991); Adelaide, Australia (1994); Amsterdam (1997); and Montreal (2000). In the two parts of this article, a comprehensive overview of the discussion results of these symposia and of the most important literature contributions to criminological victimization research over the past three decades will be presented. In the first part of this article, empirical victim research, international risk of victimization, and national risk in Germany will be discussed. Four groups of victims, serving as examples, will be analyzed in more detail: foreigners, women (rape), children (sexual abuse), and older persons (physical abuse). The causes of victimization will be explored: These comprise socialstructural, cultural, and institutional victimization. The concept of victim precipitation, the lifestyle-routine-opportunity model, and the routine-activity theory will be described.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".