Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This chapter examines the comparative merits of environmental taxation as an environmental policy instrument. It first provides a brief background on the theoretical foundation for merging environmental protection with taxation before discussing two categories of environmental taxation instruments: environmental taxes (e.g. emissions or effluent taxes, product taxes, energy taxes, pollution taxes) and environmental tax expenditures (also known as tax preferences or tax incentives). It then considers the legal authority of governments to create and administer an environmental taxation instrument, along with the basic legal design features of environmental taxes. It also cites specific examples that illustrate the diversity of environmentally related taxes. Finally, it demonstrates the use of environmental taxation in practice by presenting case studies of carbon taxes in several jurisdictions such as British Columbia, Ireland, Japan, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the European Union, as well as the United States’ income tax credit for wind farms.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it