Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Fluidization is the art of handling a solid as if it were a fluid. To fluidize solid particles, a gas or a liquid flows up through a particle bed at such a rate as to support the weight of particles via drag force such that the weightless particles are free to move and flow akin to molecules in a liquid. Fluidization by a gas is by far the most commonly used technique, although solids can be fluidized by a liquid, or by a gas and a liquid. Often the gas reacts with the particles as it fluidizes them. Commercially, gas‐fluidized beds are used for a multitude of purposes, from drying solids to burning coal and from making plastics to producing gasoline from heavy oils. The important properties of particles that relate to fluidization are discussed along with the different regimes that fluidized beds can exhibit. The isothermal nature of fluidized beds and the high rates of heat and mass transfer are discussed. Design of fluidized beds is introduced as are the various pieces of hardware needed. Circulating fluidized beds are also discussed, as is industrial scale up.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.041 | 0.017 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".