A comparison of the performance of majority female-owned and majority male-owned small and medium-sized enterprises
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper examines the impact of majority gender ownership on the following measures of enterprise performance: sales per employee, profit per employee, employment, innovation, ratio of authorised to requested debt financing and interest rate on debt financing. Using Statistics Canada's Survey on Financing and Growth of Small and Medium Enterprises waves of 2011 2014, as well as administrative data from Statistics Canada's Linkable File Environment, we find that gender affected all measures of enterprise performance in 2011, whereas only sales per employee and employment were affected in 2014. In 2011, majority female-owned small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) had lower profit per employee than majority male-owned SMEs; they were more likely to be innovative than majority male-owned SMEs; they had lower ratio of authorised to requested debt financing than majority male-owned SMEs; and they also faced higher interest rate on debt financing than majority male-owned SMEs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".