Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Graphite is the soft, gray‐black form of crystalline carbon; the other forms of crystalline carbon are diamond and fullerenes. Graphite occurs naturally as crystalline flake, mined as flat hexagonal flakes in usually weathered metamorphic rock, as amorphous in former coal beds subjected to additional heat and pressure, and as lump or high‐crystalline graphite occurring in hydrothermal veins in its host rock in Sri Lanka. Natural graphite is not mined in the United States. It is usually mined by open‐pit and beneficiated (crystalline flake) by flotation. Its principal sources are China and Brazil, then Canada, Mexico, and Madagascar. Flake graphite can also be recovered from a steelmaking waste called kish. Competition within China sets the world price. Natural graphite is used principally in graphite‐containing refractories for steelmaking that are thermally conductive and resist high temperatures, in automotive brake linings, and in batteries, pencils, lubricants, and crucibles. It may come to be used in fuel cells to power nonpolluting vehicles.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.107 | 0.045 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".