Miscible density-stable displacement flows in inclined tube
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We study density-stable laminar miscible displacement flow of two iso-viscous Newtonian fluids in an inclined pipe (diameter \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\hat{D}$\end{document}D̂). We present a wide range of novel experimental results. We illustrate the non-monotone relation in displacement efficiency at the density difference moves from positive (density unstable) to negative (density stable), the efficiency being minimal for iso-dense fluids. The density stable configuration has been found to produce highly efficient displacements, with the bulk of the interface moving steadily at the mean velocity. The streamwise length of the stretched interface, or stretch length \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\hat{L}$\end{document}L̂, is measured over a wide range of parameters. The stretch length increases with the mean flow velocity, increases with inclination β from vertical, decreases with density difference, and increases with viscosity. Our data are well represented by the scaled expression L − tan β = −3680/χ, where χ is the ratio of buoyancy and viscous stresses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".