Case-finding for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency in Kazakh patients with COPD
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is an under-diagnosed condition in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this study was to screen for AATD in Kazakh patients with COPD using dried blood spot specimens. Methods: The alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) concentration was determined by nephelometry, PCR was used to detect PiS and PiZ alleles; and isoelectric focusing was used to confirm questionable genotype results and detect rare AAT variants. Results: To this aim, 187 Kazakh subjects with COPD were recruited. Blood samples were collected as dried blood spot. Genotyping of 187 samples revealed 3 (1.6%) PI*MZ and 1 (0.53%) PI*MS, Phenotyping identified also two sample (1.1%) with phenotype PiMI. Allelic frequencies of pathological mutations Z, S and I resulted 0.8%, 0.3%, 0.5%, respectively, in COPD Kazakh population. Conclusions: This study proved that AATD is present in the Kazakh population. These results support the general concept of targeted screening for AAT deficiency in countries like Kazakhstan, with a large population of COPD patients and low awareness among care-givers about this genetic condition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".