Bibliographic record
Abstract
Kindleberger was born in New York City in 1910. His interests in foreign trade were stirred by a summer job in 1930 as a deck-boy in the Baltic trade and by a summer as a student in 1931 at the Geneva School for International Studies. He received his BA from the University of Pennsylvania in 1932 and his PhD in economics from Columbia in 1937. In 1936 he began twelve years of governmental and intergovernmental service, at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York 1936–39 (the international financial arm of the New Deal), the Bank for International Settlements until the fall of France in 1940, the American Federal Reserve Board in Washington and the Joint Economic Committee of the United States and Canada until 1942, the American Office of Strategic Services 1942–44, and finally the Department of State, where he was involved in the economic rebuilding of Europe. The leaderless world of the 1930s suggested one of his main policy themes. The success of Allied leadership in the War and reconstruction, and of an economically unified Europe after the War, suggested another. At 38 he was appointed a professor in MIT’s department of economics, at the beginning of its eminence, and served there until 1981, producing many distinguished students. He taught also to the world at large, through his successful textbook on International Economics (1953 and later editions) and through his contributions to economics history. American and European universities have heaped honorary degrees on him, and in 1985 he became president of the American Economic Association. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.032 | 0.010 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".