Bibliographic record
Abstract
LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese醫生渴望從患者那裏挽回某種程度的決策權，這種渴望推動著有關無益治療這一問題的爭論。醫生注意到，有些醫學干涉對某些患者是無益的，因而斷言醫生沒有義務提供無益的治療。“無益”這一概念是很複雜的，許多評論者認為，區分“生理無益”與“定性無益”是有用的。醫生可以決定生理上無益的治療，這一主張很少引起爭端。然而，如果聲稱他們可以不給定性無益的治療，這就會同人們反對醫學家長主義的標準理由相抵觸。人們有理由相信“生理無益”與“定性無益”這種概念區分將不會在臨床實踐中維持下來。本文指出，支援醫生單方面不給生理無益治療的科學資料，也對限制治療的醫院政策提供支援。醫生所利用的從患者手中得到的決定權的資料，也可被行政管理者所利用，使他們從醫生手中得到同樣的權力。雖然醫生這種權力的喪失是無庸置疑的，然而我們有理由相信，“無益”這一概念的模棱兩可性將給醫生帶來權力上的更大損失。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 19 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.014 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.020 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".