Confrontation in the Sargassso Sea: Soviet Submarines During the Cuban Missile Crisis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Jusqu'à tout récemment, on ne savait que peu de choses au sujet des sous-marins qui faisaient partie des forces soviétiques envoyées à Cuba en 1962.Quatre sous-marins diesels armés de torpilles à ogives nucléaires furent localisés par la U.S. Navy Quarantine Force, des destroyers américains ont dû en remonter trois à la surface afin de les identifier.Deux nouveaux ouvrages, basés sur les souvenirs des sous-mariniers russes et des documents américains récemment déclassifiés, fournissent un aperçu apprécié des activités marines au cours de la crise des missiles cubains.The perilous superpower confrontation during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 included an underwater dimension which has until now been little known.Three Soviet diesel submarines were brought to the surface by the US Navy north of the Bahamas after being hunted to exhaustion.Such encounters were then unprecedented in international waters and fraught with the risk of misunderstanding by one of the units involved.In the event of a miscalculation the submarines' torpedo loads were an additional hazard.The American onscene commanders were not aware that as part of its weapon load each submarine carried a single long-range torpedo armed with a 15-kiloton nuclear warhead.Two books published in 2002, one Russian and one American, together with recently-declassified US naval records and other archival material shed welcome light on what happened during the US naval "quarantine".1 This paper discusses what has now been revealed.The volatile decision by General Secretary Khrushchev and the Soviet Defence Council in May 1962 to position long-range missiles in Cuba became part of a larger plan called Operation Anadyr.A substantial naval force, including seven ballistic-missile submarines, was to be based forward in Cuba.Its first wave would be four diesel-powered Project 641 attack submarines (designated by NATO as Foxtrot class).Both new books -Kubinskaya Samba Kvarteta "Fokstrotov" (A Cuban Samba by 1 Aleksandr Mozgovoi, Kubinskaya Samba Kvarteta "Fokstrotov" (Moscow, 2002), available from East View Publications (castviw@eaatvicw.com):,PeterHuchthausen, October Fury (Hoboken NJ.2002); William Burr and Thomas Blanton (eds.), "The Submarines Of October" (2002), posted at www, gwu.cdu/~nsarchiv
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.014 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".