Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article is devoted to Chinese Diasporas of the USA and Canada, new Chinese migrations impact on Chinese Diasporas in the countries, changes within the Diasporas in the period of new migration, Beijings policy toward the overseas Chinese. In spite of the USA being considered as the country of the old Chinese Diaspora, the main part of the Diaspora arrived to the USA after 1980. Surge of the Diaspora size growth fell on the period of new migration in 1990-2000s. The first Chinese arrived to America in 17-18th centuries. But an influx of Chinese migrants fell on the middle of the 19th century. Gold mining and construction in the USA and Canada attracted them. The influx of Chinese migrants resulted in limiting of the Chinese entry into the USA and Canada. In 1882 such measures were taken in the USA and after 1895 in Canada. Canada imposed an immigration tax, and the tax rate increased annually. The Chinese Immigration Act adopted in Canada in 1923 banned Chinese immigrants to enter Canada except for merchants, diplomats and students. The measures reduced the number of Chinese immigrants. Only after its abolishing in the 1940s Chinese migration to the USA and Canada started to grow. Further liberalization of immigration policy and procedures led to the increase of the number of the Chinese in the USA. The repealing of the Chinese Exclusion Act allowed the ethnic Chinese to apply for U.S. citizenship. Nowadays, the Chinese Diaspora of North America is the second largest Chinese Diaspora in the world (after Southeast Asias Chinese Diaspora). New migration affected both the number and structure of Chinese Diaspora. New migration changed the structure of the traditional Chinese Diaspora, globalised and diversified the overseas Chinese societies and associations, intensified its interaction with China. A broader socio-economic and geographic structure of new migration has changed the traditional Chinese Diaspora, making it less homogeneous and more compound, expanding the range of socio-economic activities. Rising mobility has contributed to forming of direct channels of interaction with China and reinforcement of overseas Chinese patriotism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.026 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".