What martian meteorites reveal about the interior and surface of Mars
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Martian meteorites are our only samples from Mars, thus far. Currently, there are a total of 252 individual samples originating from ≥11 ejection sites with crystallization ages varying from 4.5 to 0.15 Ga. Analyses, through techniques that are also used on terrestrial rocks, allow fundamental insights into the bulk composition, differentiation and evolution, mantle heterogeneity, and role of secondary processes, such as aqueous alteration and shock, on Mars. Martian meteorites display a wide range in mineralogy and chemistry, but are predominantly basaltic in composition. Over the past six years, the number of martian meteorites recovered has almost doubled allowing for studies to evaluate these meteorites as suites of martian igneous rocks. However, the martian meteorites represent a biased sampling of the martian surface with unknown ejection locations. Thus, the geology of Mars cannot be unraveled solely by analyzing meteorites. Rocks measured by rovers at the surface are of distinct composition to the meteorites, highlighting the importance of Mars missions, especially sample return. The Mars 2020 rover will collect and cache — for eventual return to Earth — over 30 diverse surface samples from Jezero crater. These returned samples will allow for Earth-based state-of-the-art analyses on diverse martian rocks with known field context. The complementary study of returned samples and meteorites will help constrain the evolution of the martian interior and surface. Here, we review recent finds and advances in the study of martian meteorites and provide a wish list of returned samples that would complement and enhance their study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".