Density of Neotropical Bird Migrants is Highest at Stopover Sites with an Intermediate Amount of Forest in the Surrounding Landscape and a Low Proportion of Forest in Conifer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Some nearctic-neotropical migrant forest-breeding songbirds have suffered large population declines in recent decades. Declining availability of high-quality habitat where birds refuel during the long migration may be contributing to these declines. Our objective was to identify landscape attributes that make sites likely to be used as stopover sites during fall migration. We sampled birds at 37 sites in southeastern Ontario, Canada. Bird density was highest at sites with an intermediate amount of surrounding forest within 2 km, and where deciduous trees were in higher proportions in surrounding forests within 8 km. These results suggest that birds are attracted to landscapes with an intermediate amount of forest cover. Their densities may decrease at higher forest amounts due to dilution, conifer avoidance, or reduced edges for foraging. Our study highlights the importance of retaining sites with around 50% forest cover, particularly deciduous forest, as stopover habitat for migrating songbirds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".