Bibliographic record
Abstract
Upgrading a Heavy Oil Using Variable Frequency Microwave Energy Cindy Jackson Cindy Jackson Saskatchewan Research Council Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Paper presented at the SPE International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium and International Horizontal Well Technology Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, November 2002. Paper Number: SPE-78982-MS https://doi.org/10.2118/78982-MS Published: November 04 2002 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Get Permissions Search Site Citation Jackson, Cindy. "Upgrading a Heavy Oil Using Variable Frequency Microwave Energy." Paper presented at the SPE International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium and International Horizontal Well Technology Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, November 2002. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/78982-MS Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex Search Dropdown Menu nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentAll ProceedingsSociety of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)SPE International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium Search Advanced Search AbstractHeavy oil upgrading experiments were conducted using a variable frequency microwave. While microwave energy itself is readily available as a laboratory technique, microwave ovens that produce frequencies other than 2450 MHz are not. We were able to determine the effect of frequency, by using a variable frequency unit at a facility in North Carolina.Results were promising despite the rapid screening which was employed. Experimental variables included additives, reaction time, and frequency. The addition of activated carbon produced an oil that met pipeline specifications for viscosity and density.Coke formation determined only on the molybdic acid-iron powder combination; was less than 2 wt.%. This encouraging coke finding may indicate a low coking propensity due to selective heating whereby the bulk of the sample remains at cooler temperatures and reactions are carried out very rapidly.Overall, the experimental results emphasized that different combinations of material interacted differently at different frequencies. This finding is of utmost importance because the screening of additives has traditionally been focused on 2450 MHz and 915 MHz, which—depending upon the reactants—may not be appropriate for optimum interaction. Frequency was found to have a marked effect upon upgrading.IntroductionMicrowaves interact strongly with some materials and weakly with others. Energy absorption varies depending upon microwave frequency, sample composition, and temperature. This interaction can be used to selectively heat specific sites in a sample. For example, an additive or catalyst mixed within heavy oil can be targeted such that the oil contacting the microwaveabsorbing materials heats up, while the bulk of the liquid remains substantially cooler. Two potential benefits are reduced coking and reduced energy input for hydrocarbon cracking.Many microwave studies report that chemical reaction times are significantly reduced for both organic and inorganic reactions.1–4The rate of desulphurization and of cracking reactions could possibly be accelerated by using the microwave as the heat source. These types of reactions have been attempted at 2450 and 915 MHz, which may not be appropriate for the reactants or the additives being used. It is possible that other frequencies may be better suited for these reactions.Statement of Theory and Definitions.Microwave heating is influenced by a number of parameters, and the understanding of these parameters can influence what is attempted. It is not like conventional heating where the bulk sample is heated from the outside and the heat moves inward; instead, the surface as well as the interior can be heated at the same time. Under certain circumstances there can be hot spots while the bulk of the material is relatively cool. The heating can be immediate. Understanding the possibilities can lead to unique opportunities.There are two important considerations—the design of the microwave oven and the dielectric properties of the materials being exposed to the microwaves. Microwave ovens used in industrial applications can and should be optimized for the specific application. The dielectric properties are the electrical properties of a material; they play a role in this optimization.Statement of Theory and Definitions.Microwave heating is influenced by a number of parameters, and the understanding of these parameters can influence what is attempted. It is not like conventional heating where the bulk sample is heated from the outside and the heat moves inward; instead, the surface as well as the interior can be heated at the same time. Under certain circumstances there can be hot spots while the bulk of the material is relatively cool. The heating can be immediate. Understanding the possibilities can lead to unique opportunities.There are two important considerations—the design of the microwave oven and the dielectric properties of the materials being exposed to the microwaves. Microwave ovens used in industrial applications can and should be optimized for the specific application. The dielectric properties are the electrical properties of a material; they play a role in this optimization. Keywords: viscosity, density viscosity, heating, molybdic acid anhydride, fe powder, frequency, cindy jackson saskatchewan research council, oil sand, iron powder, mhz Subjects: Processing Systems and Design, Unconventional and Complex Reservoirs, Heavy oil upgrading, Oil sand, oil shale, bitumen This content is only available via PDF. 2002. SPE/PS-CIM/CHOA International Thermal Operations and Heavy Oil Symposium and International Horizontal Well Technology Conference You can access this article if you purchase or spend a download.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".