Bibliographic record
Abstract
Impulsive sound sources have been used extensively in underwater acoustics for many different research applications. Since the initial work by Weston in developing a simple analytical model for an underwater explosion, there have been several theoretical and experimental programs designed to determine source levels. More recently, other types of sources such as air guns and water guns have been introduced from marine seismic research, and there is renewed interest in knowing accurate source levels for assessing the impact on marine environments. In this paper the results of a series of experiments carried out to measure the source levels of several different types of impulsive sources are summarized. These included traditional 0.82-kg SUS charges, small and medium sized air guns from 5–185 cu. in., and a 160 cu. in. water gun. The SUS charges were exploded at shot depths from 18–200 m, and the air guns and water guns were fired at shallow depths from 1–5 m, corresponding to the conventional operating depths. The experiments provided high-quality shot waveforms that were processed to determine calibrated source levels in 1/3 octave frequency bands from 10–600 Hz. The measured values are compared to predictions from Weston’s simple model.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".