Why Do So Many Underdeveloped Economies Seem Not to Develop? The Impact of Public Social Governance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the early 1980s, over 2.1 billion people were facing a hopeless future by getting by on less than $3.10 a day (and sometimes as little as $1.90 a day) despite living in a world of over-abundance. Given the impact of indigence on world stability and human solidarity, winning the fight against poverty is a critical issue for all people, whether rich or poor. Using proxies representing social and political pressures faced by governments striving toward development, we measure the impact of public governance on poverty decrease. We explain why most poor countries seem to be failing in their development initiatives, or, at the very least, are caught in an impasse. Using a sample of 177 countries in 2016, regressions are run to test the impact of public social governance on poverty. On average, poor countries underperform compared to rich ones. We suggest why weak public social governance can be a serious impediment to national development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".