Climate Change and the Economic Vulnerability of Household in Niger Delta Region
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recently there has been a flurry of activities regarding climate change in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.Some of these have been by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society groups while others are more academic and policy-oriented.In terms of research, it has been estimated that over 70 million cubic meters daily, amounting to about 70 million tonnes of carbon dioxide are flared off during oil and gas exploration and production activities in the Niger Delta region (UNDP/World Bank 2004).Approximately 75 percent of total gas production in Nigeria is flared.It has been further estimated that Nigeria accounts for about 17.2% of global gas flaring.As a result, more gas is flared in Nigeria's Niger Delta than anywhere in the world.Flaring in Nigeria contributes a measurable percentage of the world's total emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and is probably the greatest contributor of GHGs in the Niger Delta region.Due to the low efficiency of many of the flares much of the gas is released as methane (which has a high warming potential), rather than carbon dioxide.At the same time, the low-lying Niger Delta is particularly vulnerable to the potential effects of sea levels rising.Climate change in the Niger Delta contributes to sea level rise, affects rainfall pattern, emergence of diseases and pests, crop and animal production, fisheries, biodiversity, frequency and regularity of floods.This being the case, communities in the Niger Delta would seem to be especially at risk with serious consequences for property, livelihoods and the environment (Ugochukwu& Ethel, 2008).The few other studies of climate change in the Niger Delta region have tended to be orientated to social aspects and food security.For example, Ijeoma (2012) examined people"s perceptions and attitudes towards gas flaring.This study concludes that most residents appear to be resigned to the continued presence of gas flaring activities in the community.The study, however, raised several questions on Abstract: The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of climate change on the economic vulnerability of households in Niger Delta region.A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was adopted for the study.Literature review was done through secondary data collection.Field surveys were carried out in ten LGAs sampled from the three ecological zones as follows: Mangrove Swamp (Warri South, Isoko South, Burutu and Patani); Freshwater Swamp (Ethiope East, Ughelli South, and Sapele) and Lowland Forest (Ika South, Anioma North and Ndokwa East).Quantitative data collection entailed the administration of between 400 and 450 household questionnaires in each selected LGA; a total of about 4000 successfully completed household questionnaires were retrieved cleaned up and used for the quantitative data analysis.The data were analysed using percentages.It was discovered in the study that most of the respondents live in precarious conditions and are intrinsically vulnerable to any shocks that affect their agricultural systems.Agriculture is their mainstay for livelihoods, serving both as the primary source of household food and principal means of income generation.Consequently, the fate of these respondents is closely interwoven with that of agriculture.Niger Delta farmers and fishermen are particularly vulnerable to any reductions in crop productivity for a variety of reasons.Thus it was recommended that future researches are needed to find effective advising strategies that can help farmers and fisher folk access information on, and capital to invest in, specific adaptation strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".