»Nobody Was Seriously Damaged«. Die US-Armee und der Einsatz von Folter im philippinisch-amerikanischen Krieg, 1899-1902
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mission Accomplished«: Verlauf und Rahmenbedingungen des PhilippinenkriegesAm 4. Juli 1902 verkündete US-Präsident Theodore Roosevelt den Sieg amerikanischer Truppen über die anti-koloniale Widerstandsbewegung auf den Philippinen.In seiner Festansprache zum 127.Unabhängigkeitstag der Vereinigten Staaten erklärte Roosevelt vor mehr als einer viertel Million Zuhörern in Pittsburgh den Krieg in der fernen Kolonie für beendet.Er informierte die Öffentlichkeit über das Angebot einer Generalamnestie an den ehemaligen Gegner und kündigte die Übergabe der politischen Kontrolle über das Inselreich an eine koloniale Zivilverwaltung an.Ganz besonders lobte der Präsident den Einsatz und das Verhalten der im Eroberungskrieg eingesetzten US-Truppen.Trotz aller Widrigkeiten, so Roosevelt, habe sich die Armee an die Regeln der Kriegsführung gehalten.Bis auf einige wenige Ausnahmen sei das Verhalten der Soldaten von aufrichtigem Mitgefühl und ehrenhaftem Respekt für die philippinische Bevölkerung und die Truppen des Gegners bestimmt gewesen:»Bound themselves by the laws of war, our soldiers were called upon to meet every device of unscrupulous treachery and to contemplate without reprisal the infliction of barbarous cruelties upon their comrades and friendly natives.They were instructed, while punishing armed resistance, to conciliate the friendship of the peaceful, yet had to do with a population among whom it was impossible to distinguish friend
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".