Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pastoralism comprises livestock production systems based on mobile herds grazing or browsing natural vegetation across extensive rangelands. These encompass tropical and subtropical arid and semiarid lands, temperate steppe, Alpine, and high‐latitude systems. In these environments, plant growth is commonly variable, unpredictable, and patchy in time and space. Cultivation is risky, but pastoralism based on mobile herds can sustain livelihoods on low‐potential lands. Indigenous pastoralist systems emerged independently in several places around the Old and New Worlds. While the rangelands of the Americas, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand were colonized by Western‐dominated cattle and sheep ranching, this entry focuses on more locally rooted pastoralism. Despite site‐specific biophysical, social, and historical factors shaping pastoralist systems, their mobility and reliance on natural vegetation entail common correlates. This entry looks at the ecological and economic characteristics of pastoralism; its social, cultural, and political correlates; and present‐day development and change in postcolonial and post‐Soviet contexts.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.330 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".