Not Wanted in the Boundary: The Expulsion of the Keeseekoowenin Ojibway Band from Riding Mountain National Park
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The expulsion of Aboriginal people from Canadian and US national parks has often been characterized as an attempt to create the illusion of an Edenic wilderness within the settled landscapes of the post-frontier West. In Manitoba's Riding Mountain National Park, however, the National Parks Branch evicted the Keeseekowenin Ojibway Band from a small reserve within the park boundary in 1936 in response to more specific local economic development concerns and federal administrative priorities. Parks Branch officials were alarmed initially over the status of elk in the region, but the expulsion was also carried out in response to pressure from both local and departmental tourism boosters who hoped to create an attraction for automobile travellers from within the province and from the United States. In addition, senior officials and local agents in the Department of Indian Affairs supported the removal of the Keeseekoowenin Ojibway from a rich hunting and fishing ground because they thought such a move would bolster the department's program of assimilating Native people through immersion in the supposedly more civilized occupation of agriculture. The expulsion of the Keeseekoowenin Ojibway from Riding Mountain National Park proceeded, in fact, with almost no reference to the protection of wilderness values, but was tied instead to state-driven and popular conceptions of race hierarchy, social progress, and economic development within the Riding Mountain region.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.031 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".