Simulating Cold Production by a Coupled Reservoir-Geomechanics Model With Sand Erosion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A fully coupled reservoir-geomechanics model is developed to simulate the enhanced production phenomena both in heavy-oil reservoirs (i.e., Northwestern Canada) and conventional oil reservoirs (i.e., North Sea). The model is implemented numerically by fully coupling an extended geomechanics model to a two-phase reservoir flow model. A sand erosion model is postulated fter the onset of sand production, which is determined based on the degree of plastic deformation inside the reservoir formation calculated by the coupled reservoir-geomechanics model. Both the enhanced oil production and the ranges of the enhanced or sanding zone are calculated, and the effect of solids production on oil recovery and enhancement are analyzed. Our studies indicate that the enhanced oil production can be the result of the combined effect of higher fluid velocity due to the movement of the sand particles according to a modified Darcy's flow and an effective permeability increase due to sand erosion. Another benefit from this process is that such an improvement in mobility may reduce the near well pressure gradient so that the sanding potential is reduced given a flow rate, and it permits a less sand-prone environment which is favorable for further sand control. In addition, two-phase flow can affect pressure gradient and formation residual cohesion due to capillary pressure change, which is also critical for sand control. Such an analogy can also be used for a completion strategy by allowing a certain amount of sand produced before a sand control strategy is implemented in a high flow-rate reservoir, when the optimum production is desirable, and when the reservoir productivity does not vitally rely on sand production. This article demonstrates the feasibility of such a model to simulate both sanding and enhanced oil production. Our initial attempt was to simulate the field performance in Northwestern Canada. As we were unable to match the field data using those input data for the onset of the stable sand production, we suggest that either new data is obtained for massive sand production (skeleton collapse), or such an erosion model should be used in the stable sanding period only, before the onset of massive sand production. Introduction Sand production is a phenomenon that occurs during aggressive production induced by the combined effect of viscous fluid flow and the in situ stress concentration near a wellbore and perforation tips in poorly cemented formations. Such solids production may compromise oil production, increase completion costs, and reduce the life cycle of equipment downhole and on the surface. Sand production has been a major concern to production engineers for decades, either in poorly consolidated reservoirs or from those offshore formations which are weakly cemented. These sanding effects often are associated with high fluid viscosities and production rates, and are becoming more critical these days as operators are following more aggressive production schedules. Sand production can, however, have benefits. It has been proven an effective way to increase well productivity both in heavy oil and light il reservoirs(1, 7).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".