Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nematodes (roundworms) are the most common parasites infecting humans worldwide. Of almost half a million species of roundworms, approximately 60 are known to be pathogenic to humans. Among the most prevalent human infections are those due to the intestinal (lumen-dwelling) nematodes. Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura each infect over 1 billion people worldwide; hookworms ( Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus ) infect almost the same number. Other important nematodes of humans include Strongyloides stercoralis and Enterobius vermicularis . Coinfection, in particular with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura , is common. Ascaris lumbricoides , hookworm, and T. trichiura , collectively referred to as geohelminths (or soil-transmitted helminths), share the requirement for eggs or larvae to mature in soil in order to be infective to humans. Due to this obligate soil stage of maturation, these parasites cannot be transmitted from person to person. In contrast, S. stercoralis is able to complete its entire life cycle within the human host, and like E. vermicularis , both person-to-person transmission and autoinfection can occur. The majority of geohelminthic infections are asymptomatic and associated with low worm burdens, whereas the minority (15%–35%) of infected individuals harbor the majority of the worm burden and suffer from more intense symptoms. Geohelminthic infections are important contributors to growth retardation and cognitive delay in children, but conclusively proving the benefit of large-scale anthelminthic therapy in endemic areas is challenging for a number of reasons. Geohelminths are unaffected by host immune responses, leading to chronic infection if untreated, although the natural history of such infections (excluding hookworm) is usually one of decreasing worm burden over time; even with treatment, however, reinfection is common.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.043 | 0.030 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".