The effect of moisture on compressional and shear wave speeds in unconsolidated granular materials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of water vapor on the shear and compressional wave speeds in two different kinds of glass beads and in Ottawa sand has been measured. The nominal diameter of the glass beads was 125 μm and of the sand, 500 μm. The measurements were made as the water vapor was introduced slowly into the evacuated material. The vapor pressure isotherm for the beads made of titanium-barium glass was fit reasonably well by the simple BET theory. For the Ottawa sand the BET theory fit the vapor pressure isotherm if the surface area of the grains was assumed to be three times the area calculated, assuming all of the grains were spheres with a diameter of 500 μm. In these two materials the vapor had little effect on the wave speeds. For beads made of lime glass, however, the wave speeds approximately double with the introduction of water vapor, and the vapor pressure isotherm had the BET shape only if the saturated vapor pressure was assumed to be lowered by 20%. These results have been explained by assuming that a chemical reaction occurred between the lime glass and the water to form a gel. [Work supported by the USDA.]
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".