Vendor managed inventory models for single-vendor multi-retailer supply chains with quality consideration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, efficient algorithms are devised to solve two VMI models for a single-vendor multi-retailer supply chain. The first model is for a decentralised supply chain where the vendor's expected profit is maximised. The other model, however, is for a centralised supply chain where the expected system profit is maximised. It is assumed that the lot received by vendor contains a random number of non-conforming items and, thus, inspection is performed on the incoming lot before it is delivered the retailers. In addition, we assume that non-conforming items are sold as a single batch to a secondary market at a reduced price. We also assume that the inspection process is perfect and is performed at a finite rate. In the proposed models, we incorporate a VMI contract which includes an upper limit on retailer's inventory level. In order to encourage cooperation between vendor and retailers, we propose a scheme that distributes the extra profit obtained by the integrated solution between the vendor and retailers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".