Bibliographic record
Abstract
In view of the increasing economic, political, and legal importance of inter-regional free trade agreements (FTAs), the editors are pleased to present another ‘JIEL debate’, with the following six contributions from diverse perspectives on the Canada–EU Comprehensive Trade and Investment Agreement (CETA) and the ongoing EU–US negotiations on a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). The first contribution by Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann discusses broader governance problems of transatlantic FTAs, such as the contested exclusion of rights and effective judicial remedies of citizens under Article 14.16 CETA and the prevailing paradigm of ‘disconnected, intergovernmental top-down governance’ rather than citizen-driven ‘democratic bottom-up governance’ subject to constitutional restraints. The second contribution by Bernard Hoekman gives a broad overview on the need for, and problems of, fostering regulatory cooperation and promoting its gradual multilateralization through various kinds of WTO agreements. Third, Alberto Alemanno focuses on the institutional structures and democratic challenges of the future TTIP chapter on regulatory cooperation. The fourth contribution by Armand de Mestral discusses, inter alia, the contested CETA investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) provisions in the light of Canada’s practical experiences with ISDS, for instance under Chapter 11 of NAFTA. In a fifth contribution, Marco Bronckers addresses another dimension to the ISDS debate by connecting it to broader discussions in the EU about the possibilities for private parties to invoke bilateral agreements before domestic courts, and the quality of the judiciary. The last contribution by Gary Hufbauer concludes this ‘JIEL invitation’ for more academic and civil society discussions on inter-regional FTAs by giving a detailed overview of the impact of TTIP and of the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreements on WTO rules, policies, and future WTO negotiations. We hope these contributions will spur further discussion of these current and important questions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.020 | 0.033 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.020 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.028 | 0.024 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.020 | 0.021 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".