Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter elucidates the importance of carbon to the Earth system and outlines the global debate on its use and impact. The element manifests itself through a number of reservoirs: the crust and mantle (the overwhelming majority), dissolved forms of inorganic carbon, living organic material and atmospheric trace gases (including the infamous 'greenhouse' variety), representing just 0.00064%, but responsible for the absorption of out-going infra-red radiation from Earth's surface. The chapter then outlines how variations in Earth’s atmospheric levels of CO2 and methane are related to the exchange of carbon between these reservoirs, which combine to act as a global thermostat over geological timescales. These processes have not always been human-induced: the Earth’s history is peppered with periods of volcanic activity, resulting in wild extremes in global temperature. However, the crucial difference in such phenomena and human-induced carbon is the abrupt ‘gorging’ and ‘dumping’ we are engaged in over a relatively minute timeframe, hindering ocean acidity levels in seas from rebalancing. As the first agent sentient of the effect it is having on the Earth’s metabolism, humanity must make unprecedented changes in its relationship to carbon. As the chapter points out, dramatic changes have been enacted before, when urbanized communities have been faced with the consequences of poor sanitation and pollution. However, decisions dictated by market economics or arbitrary, politically-derived thresholds risk making the rate of change simply too slow. The fundamental realization is that our relationship to energy, and where this energy is sourced, must change, fast.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.314 | 0.165 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".