Pore-Level Investigation of Heavy Oil and Bitumen Recovery Using Hybrid SAGD Process
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pore-Level Investigation of Heavy Oil and Bitumen Recovery Using Hybrid SAGD Process O.. Mohammadzadeh; O.. Mohammadzadeh University of Waterloo Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar N.. Rezaei; N.. Rezaei University of Waterloo Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar I.. Chatzis I.. Chatzis University of Waterloo Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Paper presented at the SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, April 2010. Paper Number: SPE-130011-MS https://doi.org/10.2118/130011-MS Published: April 24 2010 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Get Permissions Search Site Citation Mohammadzadeh, O.. , Rezaei, N.. , and I.. Chatzis. "Pore-Level Investigation of Heavy Oil and Bitumen Recovery Using Hybrid SAGD Process." Paper presented at the SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, April 2010. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/130011-MS Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex Search Dropdown Menu nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentAll ProceedingsSociety of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference Search Advanced Search Abstract Attempts have been made to reduce the energy requirements of a Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) project through coupled thermal-solvent processes such as hybrid SAGD, ES-SAGD, SAP and SAS. The augmented process brings superior features to the SAGD process in terms of reduced energy requirement, enhanced quality of produced oil and also improved oil recoveries. The pore-level recovery mechanisms of the hybrid SAGD process have not been investigated yet. The main objective of this paper is to visually investigate and to document the pore-scale events of the hybrid SAGD process using glass micromodel type of porous media. Different additives (n-pentane and n-hexane solvents) were added to steam prior to injecting into the model. Experiments were conducted in an inverted-bell vacuum chamber to reduce the excessive heat loss to surrounding. The results indicate that the gravity drainage process takes place through a thick layer of pores, in the direction perpendicular to the nominal oil-gaseous mixture interface, within the mobilized region. The interplay between gravity and capillarity forces results in the drainage of mobilized oil. The visualization results demonstrated coexistence of water-in-oil and solvent-in-water emulsification at the interface, due to the local condensation of both the steam and the vaporized solvent. The extent of emulsification depends directly to the temperature gradient between the gaseous mixture and the cold bitumen. Asphaltene precipitation was also observed when the condensed solvent reached to the bitumen interface. As the nature of the process tends towards being partially miscible, the extent of film-flow drainage type of mobilized oil was also significant. Other pore-scale phenomena such as localized entrapment of steam and vaporized solvent followed by condensation, steam and gaseous solvent condensation at the interface due to temperature gradient, capillary instabilities, and snap-off of liquid films were also illustrated using these pore-level visualization experiments. Keywords: gradient, drainage, gaseous phase, live oil, upstream oil & gas, bitumen, nominal sa-sagd interface, visualization experiment, asphaltene precipitation, pore Subjects: Improved and Enhanced Recovery, Steam-solvent combination methods Copyright 2010, Society of Petroleum Engineers You can access this article if you purchase or spend a download.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".