Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this article, we analyse the role of international tax planning in Canadian MNCs outbound investment decisions in theory and practice. We identify the framework of international tax planning. We can show that international tax planning is an important factor (value driver) to influence the value of the whole firm (Canadian-based MNC group) and not only of a single investment project. We also introduce a new developed tax structure (tax engineering) for Canadian MNCs to apply international tax planning. According to this new tax management approach, the value of the whole group can be enhanced if each major investment project is wrapped in a specific developed and fine-tuned international tax structure. Establishing tax-optimized cross-border investment structures may enhance Canadian MNCs' global competitive position considerably. Moreover, the Canadian CFC exemption for foreign financing affiliates (section 95(2)(a) ITA) is critically evaluated in light of tax policy, international competitiveness and global tax competition as well as the current comments of the OECD on international tax planning in its reports base erosion and profit shifting (2013) and hybrid mismatch arrangements (2012).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".