"Strangers on their own land": Ideology, Policy, and Rational Landscapes in the United States, 1825-1934
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Native Americans were increasingly excluded from the American social body and from national space. This article explores that exclusion from three perspectives: through dominant national ideologies that represented tribal groups as "Other" and inferior to European Americans; through federal policies - including removal, reservation, and allotment - that increasingly confined "Indians" to specific parts of the national landscape; and through the cartographic delineation of the national territory, which produced a Cartesian gridded landscape alien to Native understandings of land. This latter focus includes a case study of Indian Territory, which was incorporated into the state of Oklahoma in 1907. These three strands are explored through a theoretical framework that combines ideas about governmentality and territory, discourses of otherness and exclusion, and the power of maps. Du XIX e jusqu'au début du XX e siècle, les Amérindiens ont été de plus en plus exclus du corps social américain et de l'espace national. Dans l'article, on explore cette exclusion à partir de trois concepts : les idéologies nationales dominantes qui représentent les groupes tribaux comme « Autres » et inférieurs aux Américains de descendance européenne; les politiques fédérales - y compris le retrait, les réserves et le lotissement - qui confinent de plus en plus les Amérindiens à des sections précises du paysage national; et la délimitation cartographique du territoire national, qui a produit un paysage au diagramme cartésien tout à fait étranger aux coutumes territoriales amérindiennes. Ce dernier point comprend une étude de cas sur le Territoire amérindien qui, après son incorporation, est devenu l'état de l'Oklahoma en 1907. Ces trois concepts sont examinés à l'aide d'un cadre théorique qui combine des idées sur la gouvernementalité et le territoire, les discours sur l'autre et l'exclusion, et la puissance des cartes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.015 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".