Study of the Effect of pH and Supersaturation on the Kinetics and Rate of Solid Layer Formation at External Sides of Thermal Heat Transfer Tubes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The formation of scale layers at the external sides of heated tubes at situations comparable with a Multi Effect Distiller (MED) desalination processes is experimentally studied. The growth of scale layer was measured at different temperatures, pH levels and salinities. The measured scale deposition rate data were correlated to the calcium carbonate supersaturation according to a power low kinetics. It was found that the growth rate order (n) with respect to supersaturation is strongly temperature dependent. It decreases with increasing temperature. The calculated value of activation energy of scale layer growth is Ea = 33360 J/mol. The scale layer growth was found to be strongly dependent on pH. It increases in the basic medium. The salinity was found to be significant in determining the growth rate of scale layer. The scale layer composition is affected by temperature. It was found that calcium carbonate is dominant at high temperatures (80 °C). calcium sulfate deposited besides calcium carbonate at lower temperatures (60-70 °C).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".