Contributions of foreign, domestic and natural emissions to USozone estimated using the path-integral method in CAMx nestedwithin GEOS-Chem
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. The Goddard Earth Observing System global chemical transport (GEOS-Chem) model was used at 2° × 2.5° resolution to simulate ozone formation for a base case representing year 2010 and a natural background case without worldwide anthropogenic emissions. These simulations provided boundary concentrations for base and natural background simulations with the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) on a North American domain at 12 km × 12 km resolution over March–September 2010. The predicted maximum daily average 8-hour (MDA8) background ozone for the US is largest in the mountainous areas of Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. The background MDA8 ozone in some of these locations exceeds 60 ppb, when averaged over the 10 days with the largest base-case ozone. The ozone difference between the base and background cases represents the increment to ozone from all anthropogenic sources. Using the Path-Integral Method, the anthropogenic ozone increment was allocated to US anthropogenic emissions, Canadian/Mexican anthropogenic emissions, and the anthropogenic components of the lateral and top boundary concentrations (BCs). For the larger MDA8 ozone concentrations in the base case, the relative importance of the sources is generally US emissions > anthropogenic lateral BCs > Canadian/Mexican emissions ≫ anthropogenic top BCs. The contributions of the lateral BCs are largest for the higher elevation US sites in the Intermountain West and sites closest to the boundaries. If the focus instead is on the larger ozone concentrations in the background case, the contribution from US emissions is reduced leading to a reduction in the anthropogenic ozone increment. The contribution of the Canadian/Mexican emissions remains about the same, and the contribution from the lateral BCs increases at lower elevation urban sites. The net effect is that the relative importance of the anthropogenic lateral BCs is significantly increased for the days with the largest background concentrations. In addition to the source apportionment, we also used surface and ozonesonde measurements to evaluate GEOS-Chem and CAMx performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".