Analysis of Temporal Pattern of Swallowing Mechanism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents an objective method for analysis of temporal pattern of swallowing mechanism based on analysis of swallowing sounds and submental surface electromyogram (EMG). In this study, swallowing sound signal and submental EMG of 12 healthy subjects were recorded. Swallowing sound signals were divided into 25 millisecond segments each of which was represented by waveform fractal dimension (WED). Temporal pattern of swallowing sound signal was identified based on hidden Markov modeling (HMM) of the WED sequences. Submental muscle contraction was marked by thresholding the RMS values of the EMG signals. Duration of the swallowing sound phases, duration of the submental muscle contraction, and time difference between the onset of submental muscle contraction and the opening of cricopharynx were calculated. Experimental results suggest that the proposed method is efficient in the study of temporal pattern of swallowing mechanism and can provide an objective and accurate approach for swallowing mechanism analysis
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".