The Effect of Wettability and Pore Geometry on Foamed Gel Blockage Performance in Gas and Water Producing Zones
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Abstract
The Effect of Wettability and Pore Geometry on Foamed Gel Blockage Performance in Gas and Water Producing Zones Laura Romero; Laura Romero University of Calgary Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Apostolos Kantzas Apostolos Kantzas University of Calgary Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Paper presented at the SPE/DOE Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery, Tulsa, Oklahoma, April 2004. Paper Number: SPE-89388-MS https://doi.org/10.2118/89388-MS Published: April 17 2004 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Get Permissions Search Site Citation Romero, Laura, and Apostolos Kantzas. "The Effect of Wettability and Pore Geometry on Foamed Gel Blockage Performance in Gas and Water Producing Zones." Paper presented at the SPE/DOE Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery, Tulsa, Oklahoma, April 2004. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/89388-MS Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll ProceedingsSociety of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference Search Advanced Search ProposalThroughout the lifetime of oil producing wells, a common problem encountered is excessive gas and/or water production. High producing gas-oil or water-oil ratio is normally responsible for both rapid productivity decline, and increase in operating costs caused by gas or water processing. The result is often a premature shut-in of wells because production has become uneconomical. Foamed gels have been used as selective barriers to counteract disproportionate gas-oil and/or water-oil ratios in oil production. However, knowledge of the effects of critical parameters such as wettability of the porous medium and pore geometry on foamed gel-blockage performance remains incomplete.In this work micro-scale experiments, which involve the microscopic observation of flowing and trapped foamed gel in etched-glass micromodels were performed. The purpose of the research work is to provide new insights into the sensitivity of foamed gel blockage to porous media wettability and pore geometry.The experimental results indicated that foamed gels present higher blocking efficiency in oil-wet systems than in water-wet systems. Under experimental conditions, foamed gels exhibit higher blocking efficiency at lower pore body to pore throat aspect ratios. The plugging treatment exhibits stability after subsequent steps of gas and brine injection. Ultimately, the combination of foam and gel has both technical and economic advantages that make foamed gels superior mobility control agents.IntroductionIn porous media foam is a gas (or immiscible liquid) dispersed in a second interconnected liquid partially comprised of thin, surfactant-stabilized films called lamellae1. The surfactant used to impart stability to the mixture concentrates at the gas-liquid interface, to reduce interfacial tension and form stable lamellae. Foams are structured two-phase fluids that are compressible in nature2. In Fig. 1 a schematic representation of a two-dimensional slice of a general foam system is given. The general foam structure is contained on the bottom by the bulk liquid and on the upper side by a second bulk phase, in this case gas. The gas phase is separated from the thin liquid-film by a two-dimensional interface or lamella, which is defined as the region that encompasses the thin film, the two interfaces on either side of the thin film and part of the junction to other lamellae. The connection of three lamellae, at an angle of 120°, is referred to as the plateau border3. Keywords: foamed gel, foam, viscosity, gas flooding 0, wettability, enhanced recovery, flooding 0, displacement test, injectivity, water 0 Subjects: Improved and Enhanced Recovery, Waterflooding, Gas-injection methods, Chemical flooding methods This content is only available via PDF. 2004. Society of Petroleum Engineers You can access this article if you purchase or spend a download.
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it