Bibliographic record
Abstract
Synopsis Wave shoaling and breaking result in the transfer of momentum as well as a mass of water into the breaker and surf zones and leads to an increase in the water level against the shoreline, termed set-up. In turn, the set-up drives an offshore-directed flow that returns the water offshore beyond the breaker line. Mass transport of water onshore occurs relatively uniformly alongshore in the wave above the level of the wave trough. The return flow takes the form of either a two-dimensional undertow or a three-dimensional rip cell circulation. The resultant surf zone circulation is important for sediment transport and the development of nearshore and beach morphology and the flows are also important for marine organisms living in the bed and in the water column. Undertow occurs as a seaward directed current in the zone between the bed and the wave troughs. The undertow occurs essentially uniformly alongshore and, because the cross-sectional area of discharge is large, the corresponding mean flows are relatively small – on the order of a few cm under low waves to a few tens of centimetres in intense storms. Because this flow takes place in the lower part of the water column where sediment concentrations are highest it is an important mechanism for the seaward transfer of sediment and for the development and migration of nearshore bars. In rip cell circulation the seaward return flow is concentrated in narrow zones (rips) that periodically breach the breaker line alongshore.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.047 | 0.012 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".