Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Some definitions and criteria for classification of refractories as engineering materials are given. How they are made, and information is given on how production of refractories results from the culmination of many different technologies, and that they are tailored to meet very specific needs and construction. The raw materials to make refractories: oxides, carbons, other non‐oxides, other chemicals, including cements and fibers (organic, metallic, ceramic) are detailed, distinguishing for each category between the ores, the minerals and the raw material Information on the characteristics of refractories as engineered materials include: properties versus the characteristics, the scales (magnification) and the hierarchy of structures; testing methods and the physical, mechanical and chemical characteristics of the refractories (and raw materials); properties of pure oxides and other synthetic products, relevant for the refractories products. Refractory lining design, selection of products, construction, installation, and maintenance are major points covered. The materials and the construction of lining (including anchoring), state of stresses in linings, the gradient of temperature in use, and all other process variables, 1‐2‐3 walls, insulating, heat transfer calculations, listing of properties for selected materials are given. Detailing the use of refractories in various industrial applications fall outside the scope of this article, but several sources of references have been provided.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".