Feeding ecology of the long-eared owl (<i>Asio otus</i>) in northern Italy: is it a dietary specialist?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The feeding ecology of the long-eared owl (Asio otus) in the Stupinigi Natural Park, northwestern Italy, was investigated for 1 year. Owls fed seasonally on three main prey categories. Mice (Murinae) constituted the bulk of the diet from September to March, with voles (Arvicolinae) and birds as secondary prey. During the breeding season, birds became preeminent, constituting about half of the prey ingested. Dietary overlap between the overwintering period and breeding season was low. Food-niche breadth was low in autumn and winter but increased markedly from May to August. A comparison of our results with those of eight other European studies showed that the long-eared owl in Italy has a more varied diet. The diet in Italy and Spain (southern Europe) is based on at least three prey groups and differs from that described for areas in central and northern Europe, where only species of voles are the main prey. Our results show that the long-eared owl is an adaptable predator that expands its food niche in the presence of diversified prey. This adaptability contrasts with the picture of a specialized predator.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".